– Active. As the automotive industry continues its rapid evolution toward autonomy, this document describes a prototypical Autonomous Driving Architecture (ADA) along with a promising application ecosystem. It comprehensively explores fundamental components within ADA, ranging from hardware and software stack layers to regulatory and ethical considerations. Trends and challenges: The document sets the stage by detailing prevailing trends shaping autonomous driving. It navigates challenges encountered in transformation, encompassing safety imperatives, regulatory complexities, cybersecurity concerns, and societal readiness. ADA: A focal point of the discussion, ADA delineates the hierarchical layers comprising hardware, software stack layers, infrastructure, services, and application interfaces. By proscribing their interplay, ADA’s modular and scalable framework will promote the evolution of autonomous driving systems. Applications: Venturing into practical uses, the document explores diverse applications fostered by ADA’s ecosystem, from immersive in-vehicle experiences to revolutionizing mobility. Innovative technologies: At the forefront of innovation, emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication are considered as enablers for autonomous driving and smart cars. Regulatory and ethical considerations: The document navigates the regulatory terrain governing autonomous vehicles, such as safety standards, certification protocols, and legal frameworks. In essence, this document offers a holistic view of ADA and its ecosystem, illuminating its vast potential and the challenges ahead in realizing the vision of autonomous mobility.

The White Paper draws on insights published in foundational contributions across the natural and social sciences. As the literature on issues of AI and autonomy for defense systems has evolved over a longer period of time, these contributions are too numerous to list. Within the IEEE SA ecosystem, the work of the Research Group directly relates to and builds on foundational work pursued in two contexts: (1) The IEEE Ethically Aligned Design initiative (2019) (https://standards.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/import/documents/other/ead_v2.pdf) and (2) the Ethical and technical challenges in the development, use, and governance of autonomous weapons systems (2021) document produced by a predecessor independent group under IEEE SA auspices. (https://standards.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/import/documents/other/ethical-technical-challenges-autonomous-weapons-systems.pdf)
– Active. The framework set out in this document is intended to help inform a range of stakeholders involved in various types of decision-making related to autonomous and intelligent systems (AIS), especially in the military context. The framework provides a granular means for identifying the technical considerations that are necessary to meet legal requirements, to inform and guide ethical discussions, and to determine human responsibility and accountability across the entire lifecycle of AIS